E. coli
Unresolved Drinking water rule (140) violation cited in 2025 (e. coli).
City · TRI 2024
Lakeland, Florida Pollution
12 TRI facilities inside the city limits and 10 public water systems serving residents. In-city TRI releases fell modestly year over year (-7%). Toxic releases concentrations have more than halved since 2010.
FIPS 1238250 · population 114,404 · Polk County
Anomaly engine
Notable Signals
E. coli
Unresolved Drinking water rule (140) violation cited in 2025 (e. coli).
E. coli
Unresolved Drinking water rule (140) violation cited in 2024 (e. coli).
Contaminant 8000
Unresolved Revised Total Coliform Rule violation cited in 2024 (contaminant 8000).
Showing the 4 most editorially weighted signals out of 21. Lower-severity signals fold into the chemical breakdown and history charts below.
Pollutant pathways
Lakeland Pollutant Multi-Year Trends
PM2.5 annual mean (NAAQS 9 µg/m³ (annual))Health riskFine inhalable particles 2.5 micrometers or smaller. They travel deep into the lungs and into the bloodstream — linked to asthma, heart disease, stroke, and premature death.
PM2.5 annual mean (NAAQS 9 µg/m³ (annual)) concentrations have fallen 36% since 2010.
PM2.5 24-hour 98th percentile (NAAQS 35 µg/m³ (24-hour))Health riskFine inhalable particles 2.5 micrometers or smaller. They travel deep into the lungs and into the bloodstream — linked to asthma, heart disease, stroke, and premature death.
PM2.5 24-hour 98th percentile (NAAQS 35 µg/m³ (24-hour)) concentrations have fallen 42% since 2010.
Ozone 8-hour 4th-highest daily max (NAAQS 0.070 ppm (8-hour))Health riskGround-level ozone (smog) forms when vehicle and industrial emissions react in sunlight. Inflames the airways, triggers asthma attacks, and worsens heart and lung disease.
Ozone 8-hour 4th-highest daily max (NAAQS 0.070 ppm (8-hour)) concentrations have fallen 20% since 2010.
Lifetime cancer risk all pollutants (100 in a million (EPA elevated threshold))Health riskEPA-modeled added cancer cases per million residents from a lifetime of breathing local air toxics. EPA flags 100-in-a-million as elevated.
Single-vintage exposure modeling — EPA cadence is multi-year, so no trend line yet.
Formaldehyde ambient mean (0.077 µg/m³ (1-in-a-million URE))Health riskAn air toxic emitted by refineries, wood products, and combustion. EPA classifies it as a known human carcinogen — long-term inhalation raises cancer risk.
Single-vintage exposure modeling — EPA cadence is multi-year, so no trend line yet.
Benzene ambient mean (0.13 µg/m³ (1-in-a-million URE))Health riskAn air toxic from gasoline, refineries, and tobacco smoke. A known human carcinogen — chronic exposure is linked to leukemia and other blood cancers.
Single-vintage exposure modeling — EPA cadence is multi-year, so no trend line yet.
TRI air releases (5.1 fugitive + 5.2 stack)Health riskToxic chemicals reported by industrial facilities as released into the air — fugitive leaks plus smokestack emissions. Higher pounds means more inhaled exposure for nearby residents.
TRI air releases (5.1 fugitive + 5.2 stack) concentrations have more than halved since 2010.
TRI water releases (5.3)Health riskToxic chemicals reported by industrial facilities as discharged to surface waters (rivers, lakes, the ocean). Affects fishing, recreation, and downstream drinking-water intakes.
TRI water releases (5.3) volumes here are too small to anchor a multi-year trend; YoY movement is still shown above.
TRI land + off-site releasesHealth riskToxic chemicals released to land on-site or transferred off-site for disposal — landfills, deep-well injection, and similar. Risks groundwater contamination over time.
TRI land + off-site releases concentrations have more than halved since 2010.
Greenhouse gases (GHGRP large emitters, through 2023)Health riskGreenhouse gases reported by large industrial emitters under EPA's GHGRP, in metric tons of CO₂ equivalent. Drives climate warming and the heat-related health effects that follow.
Greenhouse gases (GHGRP large emitters, through 2023) concentrations have fallen 16% since 2010.
Top facilities · TRI 2024
Largest Emitters Inside The City
| Facility | Top chemical | Total releases | YoY |
|---|---|---|---|
| Keymark Corp. Of FloridaKeymark CORP | TolueneHealth riskCentral-nervous-system depressant. Chronic high exposure causes hearing loss and developmental effects. (EPA, ATSDR) | 67k lb | +2% |
| Owens Corning Insulating Systems LLC - LakelandOwens Corning | Manganese And Manganese CompoundsHealth riskExcess inhalation can cause manganism, a Parkinson-like neurological disorder. (ATSDR) | 49k lb | -30% |
| Cd Mcintosh Jr Power PlantCity Of Lakeland Lakeland Electric | AmmoniaHealth riskSevere respiratory and eye irritant; high concentrations cause chemical burns to lung tissue. (EPA) | 49k lb | +33% |
| Westlake Epoxy INCWestlake CORP | Xylene (mixed isomers)Health riskEye, skin, and respiratory irritant; central-nervous-system effects from chronic exposure. (EPA) | 21k lb | -20% |
| Publix Lakeland Industrial Complex & BakeryPublix Super Markets INC | Nitrate compounds (water dissociable; reportable only when in aqueous solution)Health riskDrinking-water nitrate causes methemoglobinemia ('blue-baby syndrome') in infants; EPA MCL is 10 mg/L as N. (EPA) | 6k lb | 0% |
| Industrial Composite Systems Dba Industrial Plastic Systems | StyreneHealth riskIARC Group 2A probable carcinogen; central-nervous-system effects from inhalation. (IARC, EPA) | 5k lb | -29% |
| Carpenter CO.Carpenter Co | Toluene diisocyanate (mixed isomers)Health riskSevere respiratory sensitizer; leading cause of occupational asthma; IARC Group 2B. (IARC, OSHA) | 657 lb | +0% |
| Tampa Maid Foods INCWatkins Associated Industries | AmmoniaHealth riskSevere respiratory and eye irritant; high concentrations cause chemical burns to lung tissue. (EPA) | 10 lb | 0% |
| Reladyne Florida LLCReladyne LLC | Ethylene glycolHealth riskAcutely toxic if ingested. Metabolizes to compounds that cause kidney failure. (EPA) | 6 lb | 0% |
| Argos Lakeland Concrete PlantSummit Materials LLC | LeadHealth riskNeurotoxin. Even low childhood exposure impairs cognitive development; chronic adult exposure damages kidneys and the cardiovascular system. (EPA, ATSDR) | 0 lb | +16% |
Drinking water · SDWIS
Water Systems Serving Lakeland
141 unresolved violations on the SDWIS record across utilities serving this city.
10
Utilities serving
200,811
Population served
0
Health-based · 5yr
141
Unresolved
| Water system | PWSID | Population served | Health-based · 5yr | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lakeland, City Of Municipal | FL6531014 | 193,297 | 0 | UNRESOLVED |
| Grenelefe Resort Private | FL6530692 | 2,114 | 0 | UNRESOLVED |
| Swiss Golf ; Tennis Club Private | FL6535064 | 1,900 | 0 | UNRESOLVED |
| Four Lakes Golf Club Private | FL6535360 | 1,600 | 0 | UNRESOLVED |
| Swiss Village Mhp Private | FL6532715 | 1,410 | 0 | UNRESOLVED |
| Hidden Cove Mhp Private | FL6534736 | 240 | 0 | UNRESOLVED |
| Scenic View Mhp Private | FL6531596 | 120 | 0 | UNRESOLVED |
| Lakefront Trailer Park Private | FL6530973 | 70 | 0 | UNRESOLVED |
| Kathleen Oaks Mhp Private | FL6530870 | 35 | 0 | UNRESOLVED |
| Southern Oaks Mhp Private | FL6535063 | 25 | 0 | UNRESOLVED |
A public water systemis the regulated entity, not the city. EPA's SDWIS definition covers anything serving 25+ people for 60+ days a year or with 15+ service connections — that includes municipal utilities (City of Stockton), water districts, mobile home parks operating their own wells, schools, and small private subdivisions. Each system is independently monitored. Some systems serve multiple cities; some cities are served by many systems.
Superfund / NPL sites
Federal Cleanup Sites In Lakeland
Sites on EPA's Superfund National Priorities List, plus deleted sites whose cleanup objectives EPA has finalized. Federal-facility sites (defense, DOE, etc.) are flagged separately. Each link routes to a per-site page.
| Site | Status | Federal facility | Primary contaminant |
|---|---|---|---|
| Landia Chemical Company | NPL FINAL | No | 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene |
Equity context · ACS 2018-2022 · USEPA-clone EJ disparity
Who Lives In Lakeland
Lakeland, Florida (Census place block groups): 114,404 residents. City disparity score for pm2.5 (fine particulate) sits near the reference (93). Why we surface this →
14.1%
Low-income
42.3%
People of color
5.1%
Under age 5
21.7%
Over age 64
- PM2.5 (fine particulate)Health riskFine inhalable particles 2.5 micrometers or smaller. They travel deep into the lungs and into the bloodstream — linked to asthma, heart disease, stroke, and premature death.61above the national median
- OzoneHealth riskGround-level ozone (smog) inflames the airways. Even short exposures trigger asthma attacks and worsen chronic lung and heart disease.48near the national median
- Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂)Health riskA tailpipe and combustion gas. Concentrates near busy roads and industrial sites; raises risk of airway inflammation, asthma, and lower respiratory infections in children.64above the national median
- Diesel particulateHealth riskSoot from diesel engines (trucks, trains, ports, construction). EPA classifies it as a likely human carcinogen and a major driver of childhood asthma near freight corridors.67above the national median
- Toxic releases (RSEI)Health riskEPA's Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators score — weights TRI chemical releases by toxicity, where they go, and how many people are nearby. Higher means greater modeled cancer and chronic-health risk.51near the national median
- Traffic proximityHealth riskPopulation-weighted distance to high-volume roads. Living close to heavy traffic raises exposure to PM2.5, NO₂, and diesel exhaust — and the cardiovascular and asthma risks that follow.51near the national median
- Lead-paint risk (pre-1960 housing)Health riskShare of housing built before 1960, when lead-based paint was common. Dust from deteriorating paint is the leading cause of childhood lead poisoning, which permanently impairs cognitive development.55near the national median
- Superfund site proximityHealth riskPopulation-weighted distance to NPL Superfund sites — the most contaminated waste sites in the country. Nearby groundwater, soil, and air can carry industrial solvents, metals, and other long-lived contaminants.77above the national median
- RMP-facility proximityHealth riskDistance to facilities holding chemicals at quantities large enough to require an EPA Risk Management Plan (refineries, fertilizer plants, etc.). These pose acute exposure risk during accidental releases.89in the highest 20% nationally
- Hazardous-waste site proximityHealth riskDistance to RCRA hazardous-waste handlers (treatment, storage, disposal facilities). Indicates potential exposure to industrial chemicals in air, soil, and groundwater.54near the national median
- Underground storage tanksHealth riskDensity of underground tanks (gasoline, heating oil, industrial fluids). Leaking tanks are a leading source of benzene and other volatile organic compounds in groundwater drinking-water supplies.90in the highest 10% nationally
- NPDES wastewater proximityHealth riskDistance to permitted industrial wastewater dischargers. Closer proximity raises exposure to pollutants released into surface waters used for fishing, recreation, and downstream drinking-water intakes.84in the highest 20% nationally
- Drinking-water non-complianceHealth riskEPA score for public water systems with health-based Safe Drinking Water Act violations. Higher means more residents on systems that recently exceeded safe limits for contaminants like lead, arsenic, or nitrate.89in the highest 20% nationally
| Indicator | Disparity score | Reading |
|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (fine particulate) | 93 | near the reference |
| Ozone | 12 | well below the reference |
| Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) | 95 | near the reference |
| Diesel particulate | 100 | near the reference |
| Toxic releases (RSEI) | 73 | below the reference |
| Traffic proximity | 76 | below the reference |
| Lead-paint risk (pre-1960 housing) | 59 | below the reference |
| Superfund site proximity | 109 | near the reference |
| RMP-facility proximity | 129 | moderately above the reference |
| Hazardous-waste site proximity | 78 | below the reference |
| Underground storage tanks | 119 | moderately above the reference |
| NPDES wastewater proximity | 100 | near the reference |
| Drinking-water non-compliance | 126 | moderately above the reference |
Source: Census ACS 2018-2022 (5-year) + USEPA-clone EJ blockgroup stats (raw indicators + EJ disparity mirror).
Health context
Co-Located Health Indicators
Modeled adult-prevalence estimates published by CDC PLACES, paired with this city's pollution and demographic context. Comparisons are ecological, not causal — pollution and disease prevalence covary at the area level, but the data does not attribute any individual's diagnosis to local exposure. How this section works →
Adult asthma (current)
10.5%
CDC PLACES · 2025 release · BRFSS 2022-2023
COPD prevalence
8.4%
CDC PLACES · 2025 release · BRFSS 2022-2023
Coronary heart disease
7.8%
CDC PLACES · 2025 release · BRFSS 2022-2023
Diabetes (diagnosed)
13.3%
CDC PLACES · 2025 release · BRFSS 2022-2023
Frequent mental distress
18.3%
CDC PLACES · 2025 release · BRFSS 2022-2023
PLACES uses BRFSS-modeled small-area estimates, not individual records. Crude prevalence shown above is the local rate as published; comparators are age-adjusted vs the Florida mean and the US mean — both population-weighted across counties — so geographies with different age structures stay apples-to-apples. Sources: CDC PLACES · 2025 release · BRFSS 2022-2023.
Sources.
- EPA Toxics Release Inventory · retrieved 2026-05-07.
- EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System · retrieved 2026-05-07.