Chlorine
Unresolved Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts (Stage 2) violation cited in 2023 (chlorine).
City · TRI 2024
San Antonio, Texas Pollution
41 TRI facilities inside the city limits and 11 public water systems serving residents. In-city TRI releases rose modestly year over year (+15%). Toxic releases concentrations have more than doubled since 2010.
FIPS 4865000 · population 1,445,662 · Bexar County
Anomaly engine
Notable Signals
Chlorine
Unresolved Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts (Stage 2) violation cited in 2025 (chlorine).
Chlorine
Unresolved Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts (Stage 2) violation cited in 2025 (chlorine).
Contaminant 7000
Unresolved Phase I/II/V Synthetic Organic Chemical Rules violation cited in 2025 (contaminant 7000).
Showing the 4 most editorially weighted signals out of 14. Lower-severity signals fold into the chemical breakdown and history charts below.
Pollutant pathways
San Antonio Pollutant Multi-Year Trends
PM2.5 annual mean (NAAQS 9 µg/m³ (annual))Health riskFine inhalable particles 2.5 micrometers or smaller. They travel deep into the lungs and into the bloodstream — linked to asthma, heart disease, stroke, and premature death.
PM2.5 annual mean (NAAQS 9 µg/m³ (annual)) concentrations are roughly unchanged from 2010.
PM2.5 24-hour 98th percentile (NAAQS 35 µg/m³ (24-hour))Health riskFine inhalable particles 2.5 micrometers or smaller. They travel deep into the lungs and into the bloodstream — linked to asthma, heart disease, stroke, and premature death.
PM2.5 24-hour 98th percentile (NAAQS 35 µg/m³ (24-hour)) concentrations are up 27% since 2010.
Ozone 8-hour 4th-highest daily max (NAAQS 0.070 ppm (8-hour))Health riskGround-level ozone (smog) forms when vehicle and industrial emissions react in sunlight. Inflames the airways, triggers asthma attacks, and worsens heart and lung disease.
Ozone 8-hour 4th-highest daily max (NAAQS 0.070 ppm (8-hour)) concentrations are roughly unchanged from 2010.
NO₂ annual mean (NAAQS 53 ppb (annual))Health riskA tailpipe and combustion gas. Concentrates near busy roads and industrial sites; raises risk of airway inflammation, asthma, and lower respiratory infections in children.
NO₂ annual mean (NAAQS 53 ppb (annual)) concentrations have fallen 43% since 2010.
Formaldehyde ambient mean (0.077 µg/m³ (1-in-a-million URE))Health riskAn air toxic emitted by refineries, wood products, and combustion. EPA classifies it as a known human carcinogen — long-term inhalation raises cancer risk.
Single-vintage exposure modeling — EPA cadence is multi-year, so no trend line yet.
Benzene ambient mean (0.13 µg/m³ (1-in-a-million URE))Health riskAn air toxic from gasoline, refineries, and tobacco smoke. A known human carcinogen — chronic exposure is linked to leukemia and other blood cancers.
Single-vintage exposure modeling — EPA cadence is multi-year, so no trend line yet.
TRI air releases (5.1 fugitive + 5.2 stack)Health riskToxic chemicals reported by industrial facilities as released into the air — fugitive leaks plus smokestack emissions. Higher pounds means more inhaled exposure for nearby residents.
TRI air releases (5.1 fugitive + 5.2 stack) concentrations are up 94% since 2010.
TRI water releases (5.3)Health riskToxic chemicals reported by industrial facilities as discharged to surface waters (rivers, lakes, the ocean). Affects fishing, recreation, and downstream drinking-water intakes.
TRI water releases (5.3) volumes here are too small to anchor a multi-year trend; YoY movement is still shown above.
TRI land + off-site releasesHealth riskToxic chemicals released to land on-site or transferred off-site for disposal — landfills, deep-well injection, and similar. Risks groundwater contamination over time.
TRI land + off-site releases concentrations have more than doubled since 2010.
Greenhouse gases (GHGRP large emitters, through 2023)Health riskGreenhouse gases reported by large industrial emitters under EPA's GHGRP, in metric tons of CO₂ equivalent. Drives climate warming and the heat-related health effects that follow.
Greenhouse gases (GHGRP large emitters, through 2023) concentrations have more than doubled since 2010.
Top facilities · TRI 2024
Largest Emitters Inside The City
| Facility | Top chemical | Total releases | YoY |
|---|---|---|---|
| Toyota Motor Manufacturing TexasToyota Motor North America INC | Diisononyl Phthalates (DINP) | 116k lb | +83% |
| Towerjazz Texas | Certain glycol ethersHealth riskReproductive toxicants; some cause testicular damage and developmental harm. (EPA) | 66k lb | -8% |
| Azz Galvanizing - San AntonioAzz INC | Zinc compoundsHealth riskGenerally low acute toxicity. Chronic high-dose exposure disrupts copper absorption and immune function. (ATSDR) | 49k lb | -17% |
| Capitol Aggregates INC.Zachry Construction & Materials INC | FormaldehydeHealth riskIARC Group 1 carcinogen. Linked to nasopharyngeal cancer; irritates the eyes, nose, and respiratory tract at low concentrations. (IARC, EPA) | 29k lb | +1222% |
| The San Antonio Refinery LLCAllegiance Refining LLC | TolueneHealth riskCentral-nervous-system depressant. Chronic high exposure causes hearing loss and developmental effects. (EPA, ATSDR) | 28k lb | -9% |
| Toyoda Gosei TexasToyoda Gosei North America | Certain glycol ethersHealth riskReproductive toxicants; some cause testicular damage and developmental harm. (EPA) | 13k lb | +124% |
| Alamo Cement COBuzzi Unicem USA INC | AmmoniaHealth riskSevere respiratory and eye irritant; high concentrations cause chemical burns to lung tissue. (EPA) | 9k lb | -5% |
| Standard Aero (San Antonio) INC.Standard Aero INC | Nitric acidHealth riskStrong corrosive irritant to skin, eyes, and the respiratory tract. (NIOSH) | 7k lb | -29% |
| Standardaero (San Antonio) INCStandardaero INC | NaphthaleneHealth riskIARC Group 2B possible carcinogen; causes hemolytic anemia, especially in infants. (IARC) | 5k lb | -2% |
| Mantaline CorpCw Industrial Partners LLC | Nitrate compounds (water dissociable; reportable only when in aqueous solution)Health riskDrinking-water nitrate causes methemoglobinemia ('blue-baby syndrome') in infants; EPA MCL is 10 mg/L as N. (EPA) | 5k lb | -16% |
Drinking water · SDWIS
Water Systems Serving San Antonio
20 unresolved violations on the SDWIS record across utilities serving this city.
11
Utilities serving
2,171,839
Population served
7
Health-based · 5yr
20
Unresolved
| Water system | PWSID | Population served | Health-based · 5yr | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| City Of Alamo Heights Municipal | TX0150039 | 7,357 | 1 | UNRESOLVED |
| Blue Skies Of Texas West Private | TX0150463 | 796 | 1 | UNRESOLVED |
| Pioneer Estates Private | TX0150420 | 375 | 1 | UNRESOLVED |
| Evetts Apartments Private | TX0150238 | 51 | 1 | UNRESOLVED |
| Cordi Marian Villa Private | TX0150414 | 48 | 1 | UNRESOLVED |
| Jbsa - Sam Houston Federal | TX0150116 | 37,563 | 2 | Returned to compliance |
| The Oaks Wsc Municipal | TX0150399 | 1,191 | 0 | UNRESOLVED |
Showing the 7 systems with recorded health-based or unresolved violations. 4 additional systems are in compliance with no recorded health-based violations in the past 5 years and are not individually tabulated.
A public water systemis the regulated entity, not the city. EPA's SDWIS definition covers anything serving 25+ people for 60+ days a year or with 15+ service connections — that includes municipal utilities (City of Stockton), water districts, mobile home parks operating their own wells, schools, and small private subdivisions. Each system is independently monitored. Some systems serve multiple cities; some cities are served by many systems.
Superfund / NPL sites
Federal Cleanup Sites In San Antonio
Sites on EPA's Superfund National Priorities List, plus deleted sites whose cleanup objectives EPA has finalized. Federal-facility sites (defense, DOE, etc.) are flagged separately. Each link routes to a per-site page.
| Site | Status | Federal facility | Primary contaminant |
|---|---|---|---|
| R & H Oil/Tropicana Energy | PROPOSED | No | — |
Equity context · ACS 2018-2022 · USEPA-clone EJ disparity
Who Lives In San Antonio
San Antonio, Texas (Census place block groups): 1,445,662 residents. City disparity score for pm2.5 (fine particulate) sits moderately above the reference (148). Why we surface this →
17.7%
Low-income
77.4%
People of color
6.5%
Under age 5
12.8%
Over age 64
- PM2.5 (fine particulate)Health riskFine inhalable particles 2.5 micrometers or smaller. They travel deep into the lungs and into the bloodstream — linked to asthma, heart disease, stroke, and premature death.67above the national median
- OzoneHealth riskGround-level ozone (smog) inflames the airways. Even short exposures trigger asthma attacks and worsen chronic lung and heart disease.77above the national median
- Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂)Health riskA tailpipe and combustion gas. Concentrates near busy roads and industrial sites; raises risk of airway inflammation, asthma, and lower respiratory infections in children.79above the national median
- Diesel particulateHealth riskSoot from diesel engines (trucks, trains, ports, construction). EPA classifies it as a likely human carcinogen and a major driver of childhood asthma near freight corridors.58near the national median
- Toxic releases (RSEI)Health riskEPA's Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators score — weights TRI chemical releases by toxicity, where they go, and how many people are nearby. Higher means greater modeled cancer and chronic-health risk.25below the national median
- Traffic proximityHealth riskPopulation-weighted distance to high-volume roads. Living close to heavy traffic raises exposure to PM2.5, NO₂, and diesel exhaust — and the cardiovascular and asthma risks that follow.66above the national median
- Lead-paint risk (pre-1960 housing)Health riskShare of housing built before 1960, when lead-based paint was common. Dust from deteriorating paint is the leading cause of childhood lead poisoning, which permanently impairs cognitive development.56near the national median
- Superfund site proximityHealth riskPopulation-weighted distance to NPL Superfund sites — the most contaminated waste sites in the country. Nearby groundwater, soil, and air can carry industrial solvents, metals, and other long-lived contaminants.69above the national median
- RMP-facility proximityHealth riskDistance to facilities holding chemicals at quantities large enough to require an EPA Risk Management Plan (refineries, fertilizer plants, etc.). These pose acute exposure risk during accidental releases.73above the national median
- Hazardous-waste site proximityHealth riskDistance to RCRA hazardous-waste handlers (treatment, storage, disposal facilities). Indicates potential exposure to industrial chemicals in air, soil, and groundwater.63above the national median
- Underground storage tanksHealth riskDensity of underground tanks (gasoline, heating oil, industrial fluids). Leaking tanks are a leading source of benzene and other volatile organic compounds in groundwater drinking-water supplies.71above the national median
- NPDES wastewater proximityHealth riskDistance to permitted industrial wastewater dischargers. Closer proximity raises exposure to pollutants released into surface waters used for fishing, recreation, and downstream drinking-water intakes.79above the national median
- Drinking-water non-complianceHealth riskEPA score for public water systems with health-based Safe Drinking Water Act violations. Higher means more residents on systems that recently exceeded safe limits for contaminants like lead, arsenic, or nitrate.76above the national median
| Indicator | Disparity score | Reading |
|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (fine particulate) | 148 | moderately above the reference |
| Ozone | 133 | moderately above the reference |
| Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) | 164 | well above the reference burden |
| Diesel particulate | 124 | moderately above the reference |
| Toxic releases (RSEI) | 53 | below the reference |
| Traffic proximity | 136 | moderately above the reference |
| Lead-paint risk (pre-1960 housing) | 85 | below the reference |
| Superfund site proximity | 123 | moderately above the reference |
| RMP-facility proximity | 121 | moderately above the reference |
| Hazardous-waste site proximity | 132 | moderately above the reference |
| Underground storage tanks | 135 | moderately above the reference |
| NPDES wastewater proximity | 96 | near the reference |
| Drinking-water non-compliance | 2 | well below the reference |
Source: Census ACS 2018-2022 (5-year) + USEPA-clone EJ blockgroup stats (raw indicators + EJ disparity mirror).
Health context
Co-Located Health Indicators
Modeled adult-prevalence estimates published by CDC PLACES, paired with this city's pollution and demographic context. Comparisons are ecological, not causal — pollution and disease prevalence covary at the area level, but the data does not attribute any individual's diagnosis to local exposure. How this section works →
Adult asthma (current)
9.1%
CDC PLACES · 2025 release · BRFSS 2022-2023
COPD prevalence
5.6%
CDC PLACES · 2025 release · BRFSS 2022-2023
Coronary heart disease
5.9%
CDC PLACES · 2025 release · BRFSS 2022-2023
Diabetes (diagnosed)
15.2%
CDC PLACES · 2025 release · BRFSS 2022-2023
Frequent mental distress
17.2%
CDC PLACES · 2025 release · BRFSS 2022-2023
PLACES uses BRFSS-modeled small-area estimates, not individual records. Crude prevalence shown above is the local rate as published; comparators are age-adjusted vs the Texas mean and the US mean — both population-weighted across counties — so geographies with different age structures stay apples-to-apples. Sources: CDC PLACES · 2025 release · BRFSS 2022-2023.
Sources.
- EPA Toxics Release Inventory · retrieved 2026-05-07.
- EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System · retrieved 2026-05-07.